不同加工处理方式对芝麻油风味的影响研究

以传统作坊式水代法芝麻油、传统作坊式压榨芝麻油、商品芝麻油为研究对象，采用顶空固相微萃取与气质联用技术（HS-SPME-GC/MS）和聚类分析对不同芝麻油挥发性化合物进行了检测和系统对比。结果表明：通过聚类分析，发现水代芝麻油和商品芝麻油的挥发性化合物组成相似程度更高；此外，芝麻油中吡嗪类化合物、含硫杂环化合物和苯系物因不同加工处理方式的差异显示出较大变化，其中3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪、4-甲基噻唑、愈创木酚等可作为区别三种芝麻油的关键风味物质。     

恩施产区湖北贝母乙酸乙酯组分挥发性成分与抗菌活性研究

为了研究恩施产区湖北贝母乙酸乙酯组分的抗菌活性和挥发性成分,以恩施产区湖北贝母乙酸乙酯组分为研究对象,运用滤纸片法测试对11株供试菌的抑菌活性;采用微量肉汤稀释法测定对供试菌的MIC值;运用GC-MS鉴定挥发性成分;运用气相色谱外标法测定贝母素乙含量。研究结果显示:湖北贝母乙酸乙酯组分对苏云金芽孢杆菌、溶藻弧菌、鲍曼不动杆菌有中度敏感抑制活性,其MIC值分别为2.37、5.93、11.86 mg·mL^-1;湖北贝母乙酸乙酯组分的抑菌活性与贝母素乙的抑菌活性存在显著性差异,推测贝母素乙不是湖北贝母乙酸乙酯组分中主要发挥抑菌活性的成分;从乙酸乙酯组分中共鉴定出16个挥发性代谢产物,主要成分为脂肪烃(4.55%)、脂肪酸(24.07%)、含氮生物碱(23.02%);湖北贝母乙酸乙酯组分中贝母素乙的含量为(16.19±0.16) mg·g^-1,加标回收率为96.58%,相对标准偏差为3.98%。湖北贝母乙酸乙酯组分的优良抑菌活性和抑菌广谱性,为开发优质植物来源的新型天然抗生素提供了重要参考。     

Dietary fishmeal levels affect the volatile compounds in cooked muscle of farmed large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea

A comparative study on the volatile compounds in cooked muscle of wild and farmed large yellow croaker (LYC) was conducted. The two farmed LYC groups were fed with diets containing 44% (CF) and 25% (LF) of fish meal (FM) respectively. Results showed that 48 volatiles, including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, aromatics, acids, esters, furans and miscellaneous compound, were detected in cooked fillets. The LF group had significantly lower amounts of total aldehydes and ketones, higher content of miscellaneous compound in cooked fillets than that in the CF and wild groups (p < .05). Compared with the wild group, the LF group had significantly lower amounts of total alcohols, acids and esters, while the CF group had significantly lower amounts of total aldehydes, higher content of total ketones in cooked muscle (p < .05). According to the principal component analysis (PCA), some volatiles (propanal, nonanal, etc.) could be considered as sensitive indicators to classify cooked muscle samples. In conclusion, differences in the volatiles in the cooked muscle between the wild and farmed LYC have been found. Low level of dietary FM (25%) changed the volatile profiles in cooked fillets of farmed LYC. A PCA may be useful to screen potential volatiles to classify cooked muscle samples in this study.     

低温风干工艺下酱鸭加工过程中品质特性变化规律研究

为改善酱鸭的质地、色泽和风味,本试验在传统酱鸭加工工艺的基础上,引入低温风干工艺制备酱鸭,并研究其加工过程中理化特性(水分含量、色泽、剪切力值、质构特性)和挥发性风味成分的变化。结果表明,在加工过程中,酱鸭水分含量从76.55%降至58.27%(P0.05);与原料肉相比,L~*值在风干6 h显著降低,a~*值在腌制和风干结束下降,b~*值和咀嚼性在酱制阶段增加,杀菌阶段下降,硬度在酱制阶段升高,而弹性和内聚性均在杀菌阶段降低;与风干24 h相比,胶着性在杀菌阶段降低(P0.05),剪切力值先升高后下降。酱鸭挥发性风味成分分析显示,酱鸭成品有70种挥发性风味成分,主要为萜烯类、醛类、呋喃类、酮类、烃类和醇类;其中,莰烯、己醛和2-戊基呋喃是酱鸭成品主要的特征风味成分,分别占总相对含量的16.51%、10.44%和11.88%。本试验结果为低温风干工艺下酱鸭品质变化特征的研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

基于气相离子迁移谱的热处理对催熟香蕉的挥发性物质分析

以香蕉果实为试验材料,利用热激、低温和催熟处理采后香蕉果实,采用气相离子迁移谱检测香蕉的挥发性物质,研究热处理对催熟香蕉果实挥发性物质的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,7 ℃ 6 d+催熟3 d和H+7 ℃ 6 d+催熟3 d 2个处理均明显降低了糠醇、苯甲醛、4-甲基苯酚、己酸乙酯、二甲基二氧杂环酮、1-戊醇、己二酮、3-甲基丁酸、2-甲氧基苯酚、2-己醇、丁酸乙酯等组分的含量;相反,这2个处理均明显增加了丙醇、乙酸丙酯、戊酮-2,3-二酮、二甲基二硫、2,3-丁二醇、甲基吡嗪、3-甲基丁酸乙酯、α-蒎烯、1-辛烯-3-醇、二甘醇二甲醚、E-2-辛烯醛、E,Z-2,6-壬醛、顺式-3-己烯醇、辛酸、庚烷-2-酮等组分的含量。另外,H+7 ℃ 6 d+催熟3 d处理明显增加了羟基丙酮、3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇、3-甲基-2-丁醇等组分的含量。与7 ℃ 6 d+催熟3 d相比,H+7 ℃ 6 d+催熟3 d处理明显降低了三乙胺、苯酚、2-戊酮、2-戊基呋喃、癸醛、E-2-辛烯醛、甲硫基丙醛、2-己醇、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪等组分的含量,导致这些组分含量与对照基本一致。进一步研究发现,热处理能明显降低7 ℃冷藏香蕉果实的冷害指数,减轻香蕉果实的冷害症状。热处理诱导催熟香蕉果实上述挥发性物质的变化,可能与热处理诱导香蕉果实产生抗冷性的过程密切相关。     

黄地老虎成虫对15种植物挥发物的电生理和行为反应

【目的】 筛选对黄地老虎Agrotis segetum雌性成虫具有引诱活性的植物挥发物,为黄地老虎食诱剂的研发提供候选物质【方法】 利用触角电位仪(EAG)测试黄地老虎雌性成虫对15种植物挥发物的电生理反应,通过风洞试验,评价每种物质对黄地老虎雌性成虫的吸引作用。【结果】 黄地老虎雌性成虫触角对4种挥发物(癸烷、对乙基苯乙酮、2-甲基壬烷和3,3-二甲基辛烷)没有明显的EAG反应,对其余11种挥发物(1,2-二乙苯、1,4-二乙苯、丁酸丁酯、4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯、桉叶油醇、乙酸叶醇酯、芳樟醇、β-月桂烯、壬醛、罗勒烯和β-蒎烯)的电生理反应明显,且反应程度随着挥发物浓度的增加而增加,在最大测试浓度100 μg/mL时产生最强烈的电生理反应。在风洞测试中,黄地老虎雌性成虫对1,2-二乙苯、1,4-二乙苯、丁酸丁酯、癸烷、4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯、对乙基苯乙酮、桉叶油醇、乙酸叶醇酯、芳樟醇、β-月桂烯、壬醛、3,3-二甲基辛烷、罗勒烯和β-蒎烯14种挥发物表现出明显的行为趋好。【结论】 筛选出对黄地老虎雌性成虫具有电生理和行为吸引活性的植物挥发物组分。     

蒸馏时间对1,8-桉叶素型互叶白千层油得率和成分的影响

【目的】研究蒸馏时间对1,8-桉叶素型互叶白千层油得率和成分的影响,探讨其利用价值。【方法】采用水蒸气蒸馏法从1,8-桉叶素型互叶白千层提取精油,采集不同蒸馏时间段的挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-M S)对挥发油的化学成分进行定性,参照ISO 4730:2017标准用气相色谱进行定量分析。【结果】随着蒸馏时间的延长,1,8-桉叶素型互叶白千层叶挥发油相对得率随之降低,蒸馏2小时后,96%以上的挥发油已被蒸出,精油主要成分1,8-桉叶素(70.537%,),α-松油醇(10.222%),柠檬烯(8.429%),α-蒎烯(3.080%),β-月桂烯(2.030%),4-松油醇(1.351%)含量变化不大。【结论】1,8-桉叶素型互叶白千层蒸馏时间以2小时为宜。     

枯草芽胞杆菌Y13挥发性物质的分析及抑菌活性

枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis Y13是一株高效广谱的生防菌，对油茶主要病害具有较好的生防效果，试验表明其发酵产生的挥发性物质对油茶炭疽病菌有较好的抑制作用。对菌株Y13产生的挥发性物质进行定性定量分析，并测定其抑菌活性，为油茶病害无公害防治及药剂开发提供理论依据。采用顶空固相微萃取技术（HS-SPME）和气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）收集并分析Y13挥发性物质成分，购买相应挥发性物质纯品，采用双皿倒扣法测定其抑菌活性。Y13挥发性物质对10种植物病原真菌抑菌率在19.2%～83.9%，其中挥发性物质对果生炭疽菌Colletotrichum fructicola的抑菌活性最强，抑菌率达到83.9%；检测其中10种挥发性化合物纯品对果生炭疽菌的抑菌活性发现，除了正十八烷外，其他9种挥发性化合物纯品均具有不同程度的抑菌活性；筛选出的4种高效抑菌挥发性化合物纯品对7种常见的油茶病原真菌的抑菌活性检测结果表明，4种挥发性化合物纯品（10 μL/平板）对7种常见的油茶病原真菌均具有较好的抑菌活性，抑菌活性壬醛 > 苯甲醛 > 3-甲基-4-苯基吡唑 > 苯丙噻唑。Y13挥发性物质对油茶主要病害病原菌有很好的抑制作用，具有一定的研究意义和良好的开发价值。     

Analgesic effect of the mint terpenoid L-carvone in sheep

ObjectiveTo determine whether L-carvone increases the voltage threshold response to a noxious electrical stimulus in sheep.Study designProspective, blinded, randomized, crossover experimental study.AnimalsA group of six healthy adult sheep.MethodsSheep were instrumented with cranial dorsothoracic subcutaneous copper electrodes. A stimulator delivered a 10 ms square-wave stimulus at 50 pps starting at 0.1 V with a 0.2 V second^–1 ramp. The stimulus stopped once two observers who were blinded to treatment noted a behavioral pain response or when a 15 V cut-off was reached. Next, 0.15 mL kg^–1 of either a 50% L-carvone solution or a saline-vehicle control was administered intramuscularly, and electrical threshold responses were measured every 5–15 minutes over a 6 hour period using methods identical to the baseline. One week following the first treatment (L-carvone or control), sheep were studied using identical methods with the second treatment (control or L-carvone). Drug and time effects were evaluated using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance, and pairwise comparisons were evaluated with Holm-Sidák tests with values of p < 0.05 considered significant.ResultsL-carvone significantly increased voltage threshold responses for most time points up to 75 minutes compared with baseline and with saline control. The last time point with a significantly different response between L-carvone and saline treatments was 5 hours after drug administration. The saline-vehicle control decreased voltage threshold responses at several time points after 3 hours.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIntramuscular L-carvone is analgesic in sheep, although the ethanol-propylene glycol vehicle may cause mild hyperalgesia. This study demonstrates that a food-derived compound can be used to relieve pain in a food-producing animal.